The agarwood tree is also known as Aloeswood, Eaglewood (because the resinous bark sometimes resembles an eagle’s claw), or Lapnisan.
It grows at elevations from a few meters above sea level to about 1000m, with roughly 500m being the most ideal for its growth.
In China, the wood is known as ch’en hsiang, which means the ‘sinking incense wood’. There are nineteen different names across nationalities. The pungent, earthy scent of this wood gave Hong Kong its name, which, in Cantonese, translates as Fragrant Harbour.
But the huge demand for agarwood over the past few decades means Hong Kong’s Aquilaria species teetering on the brink of extinction.
The tree also grows in South Asian in countries including Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, India, Borneo, Myanmar, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam, Shri Lanka, Cambodia and Bangladesh.
Not all agarwood trees produce the resinous bark which is extracted as incense or distilled to produce the infamous oils. Only sick trees ( about 7 percent in total) produce this.
The resin is produced by a tree which is mauled or wounded or suffers an infection which is caused by a fungus called Phialophora Parastica.
In response to the invasion, the tree releases an antibody which produces the resin. The resin then spreads internally through the bark of the trees to produce the oil.
Growers say a bore insect called Zeuzera conferta also plays a key role in triggering disease and formation of resin in agarwood.
These carpenter moths bore into the tree trunk, causing a wound that then draws microorganisms, bacteria, and fungus spores into the trunk of the tree.
The tree uses its own sap to cover the wounds, which will turn into agarwood after a long time, which is why oud is such a highly priced and prized product.
The aromatic producing species of agarwood is known as Aquilaria malaccensis. Not all agarwood trees produce the aromatic, in fact most do not. About one in ten thousand may produce the resin.
The darker the wood, the more infected the tree is, the more likelihood of resin within the tree.
The oud with the greatest resin is used mostly for incense burning. Oils are produced from less resinous oud barks.
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