The farming, logging, and extracting of oud from the agarwood tree is an intensive process that is reflected in the price of the product.
It is estimated that to produce one litre of oil, about 100 to 150 kilos of agarwood is necessary. One tree could produce as little as three litres of oil, but this varies depending on its age and the quantity of resin; some have calculated that 70kg of heartwood may produce a mere 20 ml of oud oil.
Once the infection develops, it is located deep within the trunk, so whole trees are often felled indiscriminately. Large-scale logging operations have destroyed many wild forested areas.
The rarity of the product combined with the fact that today, many famous designers have launched their own brands of oud oils and perfumes. This has meant that there is a stress on the environment, as well as an illegal trade.
In China oud artefacts are displayed as a sign of wealth and are also purchased for investments and resold years later because of the rarity of wild oud trees. Old oud chips are highly sought after and valuable commodities and a source of great wealth for their owners.
Wild agarwood is under threat of extinction
Unless wild trees can be regrown and harvested, the wild agarwood may soon only exist in very isolated areas and in small numbers.
Due to the inflated demanding and depleted natural resources, the yields of agarwood collected from the wild are shrinking and the price is constantly rising, which restricts agarwood scientific research and the wide use of oud from genuinely wild trees.
The wild oud found in jungles of South Asia is a species which is categorised critically endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and National Resources (IUCN).
There is a human responsibility therefore to preserve the species. As a result, sustainable farming projects have developed to cultivate oud sustainably.
It is difficult sometime to tell the difference between wild and cultivated oud but often the cultivated oud would have large holes which shows that the tree was drilled and then infected by man.
Cultivated agarwood may provide a sustainable solution
By artificially inducing the infection required to produce the prized resin in agarwood and other oud-producing trees can reduce dependence on the wild population and preserve it.
But while the duration of cultivation may have shrunk to five to 10 years, the quality of oil may be inferior. Still, the oud from these sustainable projects is known as cultivated oud.
The inventors of this method have produced a vaccine which is then uses to infect the tree which is grown suitably and harvested.
A drill is usually employed to make holes in the trunks and main branches of mature trees which are then injected with an infection-inducing agent. Other methods include wounding using an axe, burning-chisel-drilling, and chemical induction.
Generally, agarwood is harvested when the trees are between five and ten years old. Agarwood plantations exist in Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Papua New Guinea, Thailand, and Vietnam.
Regulation and illegal trade
Concern over the impact of the global demand for agarwood has thus led to the inclusion of the main taxa on CITES Appendix II, which requires that international trade in agarwood be monitored. Monitoring is conducted by Cambridge-based TRAFFIC (a joint WWF and IUCN programme).
Legal international trade in agarwood is regulated through a system of permits by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora or CITES.
However, despite these efforts, illegal and/or unsustainable trade is placing a burden on continuing supplies of agarwood. Dishonesty, crime, and fraud are ingratiated in the market due to its rarity and high profit yields. Poachers often get killed hunting oud illegally and may be arrested.
Oud chips are known to have been painted in black or injected with engine oils to make it appear resinous and valuable. Various tests exist to determine the quality of oud.
Each one who adores this scent of heaven has an obligation to ensure we buy responsibly. In future we may have to sacrifice quality and make do with cultivated organic oud to protect the species.
For now, we Praise Allah for providing us with the opportunity of experiencing a timeless ancient fragrant or aromatic journey to the heavens.
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